This page presents a searchable research bibliography curated by Virda Nur Lu’lu to support explosion consequence modelling, TNT-equivalent methods, and case studies involving hydrogen, LPG, ammonium nitrate, BLEVE, and related industrial hazards.

Researcher and bibliography context

This bibliography is part of the Xplosion research site and is intended to connect the literature base with the researcher identity, the thesis topic, and the related publication output. The collection supports comparative analysis of empirical TNT-equivalent methods, industrial case studies, and web-based tools for preliminary consequence assessment.

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TNT equivalent Explosion consequence modelling Hydrogen safety Ammonium nitrate LPG and BLEVE Process safety
Research bibliography visual for Comparative Simulation and Modeling of Explosion Consequences Based on TNT Equivalent
Research Bibliography for Comparative Simulation and Modeling of Explosion Consequences Based on TNT Equivalent.

Showing all 72 references.

AIChE. (2011). Process Safety Beacon: Vapor Cloud Explosions. AIChE.

Anadolu News, A. (2020). Beirut explosion reportedly caused by fire in explosives warehouse.

Andreasen, A. (2022). Evaluation of an Open-source Chemical Process Simulator Using a Plant-wide Oil and Gas Separation Plant Flowsheet Model as Basis. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 66(3), 503–511. [Link]

Ardila-Suarez, C., Lacoursière, J.-P., Soucy, G., & Rego De Vasconcelos, B. (2025). Consequence Analysis of LPG-Related Hazards: Ensuring Safe Transitions to Cleaner Energy. Fuels, 6(2), 45. [Link]

Aspen Technology, Inc. (2023). Aspen Hysys (Versi V.14) [Perangakat lunak]. Aspen Technology, Inc. [Link]

Babrauskas, V. (2016). Explosions of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in storage or transportation are preventable accidents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 304, 134–149. [Link]

BBC News. (2015). China blasts: Shipment explodes in Tianjin port. BBC News. [Link]

BBC News. (2020). Beirut explosion: What we know so far. BBC. [Link]

Calabrese, M., Portarapillo, M., Di Nardo, A., Venezia, V., Turco, M., Luciani, G., & Di Benedetto, A. (2024). Hydrogen Safety Challenges: A Comprehensive Review on Production, Storage, Transport, Utilization, and CFD-Based Consequence and Risk Assessment. Energies, 17(6), 1350. [Link]

Center for Hydrogen Safety (CHS). (2020). Hydrogen Tank Explosion at Research Facility. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).

Chang-won, L. (2019, Mei 24). Explosion at hydrogen fuel-cell power system kills two and injuries six others. AJP News Agency. [Link]

Chen, D., Wu, C., & Li, J. (2023). Assessment of modeling methods for predicting load resulting from hydrogen-air detonation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 180, 752–765. [Link]

Chris Coffey. (2021). FLACS-CFD: Consequence Modeling of Dispersion, Fire, and Explosion. Gexcon. [Link]

CHS, C. H. S. (2019). Review: Hydrogen Tank Explosion in Gangneung, South Korea.

Crowl, D. A., & Louvar, J. F. (2011). Chemical process safety: Fundamentals with applications (3rd ed). Prentice Hall.

CSB. (2016). FINAL REPORT: West Fertilizer Final Investigation Report. [Link]

Det Norske Veritas (DNV). (2012). PHAST Tutorial Manual. Det Norske Veritas (DNV).

Devi, S. (2020). Lebanon faces humanitarian emergency after blast. The Lancet, 396(10249), 456. [Link]

Fernando Díaz Alonso, Enrique González Ferradás, Juan Francisco Sánchez Pérez, Agustín Miñana Aznar, A., Ruiz Gimeno, J., & Martínez Alonso, J. (2006). Characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for the detonation of explosives, pyrotechnics or unstable substances. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 19(6), Pages 724-728. [Link]

DNV. (t.t.). Pricing and plans Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST). DNV / Veracity Store. Diambil 1 Juli 2025, dari Phast Pricing and plans

DNV. (2024). Phast™: Fire, Explosion, Dispersion, and Toxic Modeling Software. DNV. [Link]

Gangneung Science Complex Hydrogen Tank Explosion Incident. (2019). Dalam NamuWiki. [Link]

GexCon. (2010). FLACS: CFD Tool for Explosion, Dispersion, and Ventilation Modeling. [Link]

Gregorovičová, E., & Pospíšil, J. (2025). Hydrogen Safety in Energy Infrastructure: A Review. Engineering. [Link]

Han, S., Baek, S.-H., Jeon, Y., Kim, K., & Park, S. (2025). Integrated experimental-computational approach to estimate TNT equivalence of hydrogen vessel bursts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 146, 149936. [Link]

Han, W., Dai, P., Gou, X., & Chen, Z. (2020). A review of laminar flame speeds of hydrogen and syngas measured from propagating spherical flames. Applications in Energy and Combustion Science, 1–4, 100008. [Link]

Hu, Q., Zhang, X., & Hao, H. (2023). A review of hydrogen-air cloud explosions: The fundamentals, overpressure prediction methods, and influencing factors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(36), 13705–13730. [Link]

Hutchison, R., & Skinner, P. (2007). Ammonium nitrate in ports—Storage and transportation. IChemE Symposium Series, 153. [Link]

HyResponder. (2021). Lecture 2: Properties of hydrogen relevant to safety (Grant Agreement No 875089). Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking. [Link]

I, Y.-P., & Cheng, T.-L. (2021). Application of CFD model in an LPG tank explosion accident. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 69, 104367. [Link]

Jankura, R., Zvaková, Z., & Boroš, M. (2020). ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS FOR CALCULATION OF EXPLOSION WAVE OVERPRESSURE. Proceedings of CBU in Natural Sciences and ICT, 1, 21–27. [Link]

Jeremić, R., & Bajić, Z. (2006). An approach to determining the TNT equivalent of high explosives. Scientific-Technical Review, LV(1), 58–62. [Link]

Kang, K., Wang, X., Wang, J., Shi, W., Sun, Y., & Chen, M. (2022). A Critical Review of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Based Explosion Numerical Analysis of Offshore Facilities. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 29(7), 4851–4870. [Link]

Kaniewski, M. (2026). Evaluation of thermal stability in ammonium nitrate systems modified with boric acid and urea for safety assessment. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 206, 108346. [Link]

Khoshvaght, H., Permala, R. R., Razmjou, A., & Khiadani, M. (2025). A critical review on selecting performance evaluation metrics for supervised machine learning models in wastewater quality prediction. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13(6), 119675. [Link]

Kim, S., Jang, T., Oli, T., & Park, C. (2023). Behavior of Barrier Wall under Hydrogen Storage Tank Explosion with Simulation and TNT Equivalent Weight Method. Applied Sciences, 13(6), 3744. [Link]

Kinney, G. F., & Graham, K. J. (1985). Explosive Shocks in Air. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [Link]

Lees, F. (2012). Lees’ Loss Prevention in The Process Industries (Fourth Edition).

Liu, H., Xu, L., Han, Y., Chen, X., Sheng, P., Wang, S., Huang, X., Wang, X., Lu, C., Luo, H., He, S., Lan, Z., & Guo, J. (2021). Development of a gaseous and solid-state hybrid system for stationary hydrogen energy storage. Green Energy & Environment, 6(4), 528–537. [Link]

Lobato, J., Canizares, P., Rodrigo, M., Saez, C., & Linares, J. (2006). A comparison of hydrogen cloud explosion models and the study of the vulnerability of the damage caused by an explosion of H2H2. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31(12), 1780–1790. [Link]

Meyer, R., Köhler, J., & Homburg, A. (2007). Explosives (Sixth, completely revised edition). Wiley - VCH Verlag. [Link]

Molkov, V. (2012). Fundamentals of hydrogen safety engineering II: Part II. Ventus Pub. ApS. [Link]

NET12 (Direktur). (2016). Ledakan Gas LPG Hancurkan Puluhan Bangunan di Bekasi – NET12 [Video recording]. NET TV (Indonesia). [Link]

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). (2021). Air Products Santa Clara Hydrogen Facility Incident Review Report. U.S. Department of Energy. [Link]

Pasman, H. J., Fouchier, C., Park, S., Quddus, N., & Laboureur, D. (2020). Beirut ammonium nitrate explosion: Are not we really learning anything? Process Safety Progress, 39(4). [Link]

Past Weather in Gangneung, South Korea—May 2019. (2019). [Link]

Pilger, C., Gaebler, P., Hupe, P., Kalia, A. C., Schneider, F., Steinberg, A., Sudhaus, H., & Ceranna, L. (2021). Yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using 2 open access waveform and remote sensing data. [Link]

Pouyakian, M., Ashouri, M., Eidani, S., Madvari, R. F., & Laal, F. (2023). A systematic review of consequence modeling studies of the process accidents in Iran from 2006 to 2022. Heliyon, 9(2), e13550. [Link]

Rezaie Azizabadi, H., Ziabasharhagh, M., & Mafi, M. (2021). Applicability of the common equations of state for modeling hydrogen liquefaction processes in Aspen HYSYS. Gas Processing Journal, 9(1). [Link]

Schefer, R., Houf, W., Sanmarchi, C., Chernicoff, W., & Englom, L. (2006). Characterization of leaks from compressed hydrogen dispensing systems and related components. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31(9), 1247–1260. [Link]

Skjold, T. (2025). Teaching process safety in the twenty-first century. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 94, 105538. [Link]

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Spitzenberger, C., Ferrara, G., & Liffman, C. (2023). Assessing Cascading Effects from Flammable VCE: Guidance Document (Nos. 10263562–7, Rev. 1). DNV (DNV GL USA, Inc.). [Link]

Stennett, C., Gaulter, S., & Akhavan, J. (2020). An Estimate of the TNT‐Equivalent Net Explosive Quantity (NEQ) of the Beirut Port Explosion Using Publicly‐ Available Tools and Data. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 45(11), 1675–1679. [Link]

Suwa, Y. (2024). Studies on the safe application techniques of high-pressure hydrogen gas. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2812(1), 012002. [Link]

The Korea Herald. (2019). Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung. [Link]

Times. (2019, Mei 23). Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung. [Link]

Ullah, A., Ahmad, F., Jang, H.-W., Kim, S.-W., & Hong, J.-W. (2017). Review of analytical and empirical estimations for incident blast pressure. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(6), 2211–2225. [Link]

U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). (2006). Combustible Dust Hazard Investigation. U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB). [Link]

U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). (2008). Investigation Report: Confined Vapor Cloud Explosion – CAI, Inc. And Arnel Company, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts (Nos. 2007-03-I-MA). U.S. Chemical Safety Board. [Link]

U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). (2016). Investigation Report: West Fertilizer Company Fire and Explosion (Nos. 2013-02-I-TX). U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. [Link]

U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). (2018). CSB Digest: Herrig Brothers Propane Tank Explosion. U.S. Chemical Safety Board. [Link]

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2013). Chemical Advisory: Safe Storage, Handling, and Management of Ammonium Nitrate (EPA 550-S 13-001). United States Environmental Protection Agency. [Link]

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Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, L., & Bu, L. (2023). A practical method for predicting and analyzing the consequences of ammonium nitrate explosion accidents adjacent to densely populated areas. Heliyon, 9(5), e15616. [Link]

Wei, T., & Hargather, M. J. (2021). A new blast wave scaling. Shock Waves (2021) 31:231–238. [Link]

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Yang, F., Wang, T., Deng, X., Dang, J., Huang, Z., Hu, S., Li, Y., & Ouyang, M. (2021). Review on hydrogen safety issues: Incident statistics, hydrogen diffusion, and detonation process. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(61), 31467–31488. [Link]

Yu, G., Duh, Y.-S., Yang, X., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Li, J., Chen, R., Gong, L., Yang, B., & Huang, J. (2022). Holistic Case Study on the Explosion of Ammonium Nitrate in Tianjin Port. Sustainability, 14(6), 3429. [Link]

Yu, G., Wang, Y., Zheng, L., Huang, J., Li, J., Gong, L., Chen, R., Li, W., Huang, J., & Duh, Y.-S. (2021). Comprehensive study on the catastrophic explosion of ammonium nitrate stored in the warehouse of Beirut port. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, 201–219. [Link]

Yue, Y., Gai, W., & Boustras, G. (2023). Exploration of the causes of ammonium nitrate explosions: Statistics and analysis of accidents over the past 100 years. Safety Science, 158, 105954. [Link]

Zaranejad, A., Dept of. Sciences of Occupational Health, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Ahmadi, O., & Dept. of Sciences of Occupational Health, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. (2015). Fire and explosion risk assessment in a chemical company by the application of DOW fire and explosion index. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 4(3), 163–175. [Link]